Epitalon
Animal / in-vitro onlyEpithalon · AEDG peptide
Reported to raise telomerase activity and elongate telomeres in cultured human somatic cells, and associated with lifespan effects in rodent work. Almost all foundational evidence comes from a single research group, and independent replication remains sparse.
AEDG
Not approved by FDA or EMA. A related pineal preparation is registered in Russia; elsewhere Epitalon is an unapproved research chemical.
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Humanin
ObservationalHN · MT-RNR2-derived peptide
Proposed to act as a cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic signal that reduces oxidative and metabolic stress-induced cell death, with circulating levels tied to the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis and responsive to exercise. Human evidence is largely observational rather than from administration trials.
MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA
Not approved by FDA or EMA. Studied as a biomarker and research peptide, not a marketed drug.
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Carnosine
Human trials (limited)Beta-alanyl-L-histidine · L-carnosine
A naturally occurring dipeptide with antioxidant, anti-glycation and pH-buffering activity. Human supplementation evidence exists but is dominated by beta-alanine loading studies and narrative reviews.
beta-Ala-His
Sold as a dietary supplement. Not an approved drug.
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Glutathione
Human RCTGSH · reduced glutathione
The body's principal intracellular antioxidant, also studied as a skin-lightening agent through tyrosinase inhibition. Randomised human data exist mainly for pigmentation endpoints, not for longevity claims.
gamma-Glu-Cys-Gly
Available as an oral and topical supplement. Intravenous skin-lightening use is unapproved and has been the subject of regulatory warnings in several countries.
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Elamipretide
Human RCTSS-31 · Bendavia · MTP-131
A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin, stabilises cristae architecture and improves electron transport efficiency. It has been through multiple randomised human trials, with mixed results.
D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2
Investigational. Not approved by FDA or EMA; phase 3 work in primary mitochondrial myopathy did not meet its primary endpoint.
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Klotho
Animal / in-vitro onlySoluble alpha-Klotho · KL
A longevity-associated protein named after the Greek fate who spins the thread of life. Raising klotho or a klotho fragment improves cognition and resilience in rodents, but nothing has been tested in people.
Large glycoprotein (shed ectodomain, not a synthesisable short peptide)
Not a marketed therapeutic. No human trials of exogenous klotho administration exist.
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GDF-11
Animal / in-vitro onlyGrowth differentiation factor 11 · BMP-11
A circulating TGF-beta family factor made famous by a 2013 report that it reverses age-related cardiac hypertrophy. Later work challenged both the measurement methods and the functional claims, so treat it as unsettled.
Mature TGF-beta superfamily dimer (109-residue monomer)
Not approved; entirely preclinical. Early rejuvenation claims were disputed, partly over assay cross-reactivity with myostatin.
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SHLP-2
Animal / in-vitro onlySmall humanin-like peptide 2 · mitochondrial-derived peptide
One of the mitochondrial-derived peptides discovered alongside humanin and MOTS-c. It modulates apoptosis, insulin sensitivity and central energy balance in animal and cell models, with human evidence limited to genetic association.
Mitochondrial 16S rRNA-encoded peptide (exact public sequence not standardised)
Research compound only; no human administration studies. Sequence and mass figures are approximate.
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Humanin analogue HNG
Human trials (limited)HNG · Humanin S14G
A potency-enhanced analogue of humanin, the mitochondrial-derived peptide linked to neuroprotection and metabolic health. Higher circulating humanin tracks with better cognitive ageing in people, but no one has been dosed with HNG in a trial.
MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA (native humanin; HNG substitutes Ser14 to Gly)
Not approved; investigational. Human evidence is observational association, not intervention.
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Vilon
Animal / in-vitro onlyLys-Glu dipeptide · KE
A dipeptide bioregulator studied for effects on gene expression in ageing cells. Ex vivo human cell data exist, but no randomised human evidence.
KE
Not FDA/EMA approved; part of the Russian bioregulator product line. No controlled human trials identified.
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Livagen
Animal / in-vitro onlyLys-Glu-Asp-Ala · KEDA
A tetrapeptide bioregulator promoted for liver support in ageing. The published work is mechanistic and preclinical, with no clinical trial evidence.
KEDA
Not approved anywhere. Evidence is preclinical and largely single-group.
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